Effective Reading (SQ4R) Technique

SQ4R is a method of reading and studying textbooks. It’s an acronym for: Survey, Question, Read, Respond, Record, and Review. When using this method, complete all the steps initially, then choose which are most effective for you and your courses. The SQ4R method may seem time consuming at first, but it's an effective method for reading, understanding, and remembering information from your textbooks.

Benefits

• It’s an active learning strategy that can be adapted to suit an individual’s study preferences.
• It provides a strategy to retain a lot of factual detail, reducing the amount of information that has to be relearned for exams.
• It prompts the creation of study material to be used when preparing for exams.
• It helps to identify errors or areas of confusion.

Survey

• Before reading a chapter in your textbook, take some time to skim through it and read any titles and subheadings, as well as the captions beneath any photos charts, maps or graphs.
• Next, skip to the end of the chapter and read the chapter summary and study questions. This will allow you to determine what important information will be covered in this chapter.

Question

• Turn each subheading or title into a question. For example, if the subheading is The Placebo Effect, ask yourself: What is the placebo effect?
• Ask yourself if you already know anything about the subject, or what you remember your professor saying about that topic in class.
• You may keep these questions in mind, or write them down to reference while reading the chapter.

Read

• You may now begin to read the chapter. While you read, think about your questions and try to find the answers in the text.
• Do not merely skim the text looking for answers; engage in active reading. Try to answer the study questions you may remember from the chapter summary.
• Re-read passages you do not understand. Connect any graphics or charts to the information you are reading.
• Focus on one section at a time and make sure that you understand what is written.

Respond

• After reading a section, attempt to answer your question using your own words.
• Try to summarize what you have just read, making special note of any key concepts or terms.
• If you cannot answer your original question, re-read the section.
• You may also find that your original question was not applicable, and needs to be changed; for example, “What is qualitative research?” may not have been answered in the section; your question may need to be changed to: “What are some examples of qualitative research methods?”

Record

• Now that you have read the chapter and understand it, you can record the information.
• You may do this in whichever way you find to be most helpful, whether it be highlighting the text or writing down notes in your own words.
• It is important that you understand the material before recording it - do not attempt to do both at once.

Review

• Once you are finished the entire chapter, read over your notes and use the questions you created to quiz yourself.
• Try reciting your answers out loud as another way to remember the information.
• It is also important to integrate a regular review period into your routine, to make it easier to remember old information.
• If you review your notes on a weekly basis, you will find it much easier to study when it comes time for exams. Instead of re-learning information you have long forgotten, you will simply be reviewing material with which you are already familiar.

Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is a type of Internet-based computing that provides shared computer processing resources and data to computers and other devices on demand. It is a model for enabling ubiquitous, on-demand access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., computer networks, servers, storage, applications and services), which can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort. Cloud computing and storage solutions provide users and enterprises with various capabilities to store and process their data in third-party data centers that may be located far from the user–ranging in distance from across a city to across the world. Cloud computing relies on sharing of resources to achieve coherence and economy of scale, similar to a utility (like the electricity grid) over an electricity network.

Source:

http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2372163,00.asp

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing

BioChip

A computer chip made from organic molecules rather than semiconductors. ... biochip.

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Source:
http://www.mybloggerbuzz.com/2014/02/how-to-disable-copy-paste-in-blogger.html

Integrated Circuit (IC)

An integrated circuit (IC), sometimes called a chip or microchip, is a semiconductor wafer on which thousands or millions of tiny resistors, capacitors, and transistors are fabricated. An IC can function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer, counter, computer memory, or microprocessor. A particular IC is categorized as either linear (analog) or digital, depending on its intended application.

Linear ICs have continuously variable output (theoretically capable of attaining an infinite number of states) that depends on the input signal level. As the term implies, the output signal level is a linear function of the input signal level. Ideally, when the instantaneous output is graphed against the instantaneous input, the plot appears as a straight line. Linear ICs are used as audio-frequency (AF) and radio-frequency (RF) amplifiers. The operational amplifier(op amp) is a common device in these applications.

Digital ICs operate at only a few defined levels or states, rather than over a continuous range of signal amplitudes. These devices are used in computers, computer networks, modems, and frequency counters. The fundamental building blocks of digital ICs are logic gates, which work with binary data, that is, signals that have only two different states, called low (logic 0) and high (logic 1).

Our world is full of integrated circuits. You find several of them in computers. For example, most people have probably heard about the microprocessor. The microprocessor is an integrated circuit that processes all information in the computer. It keeps track of what keys are pressed and if the mouse has been moved. It counts numbers and runs programs, games and the operating system. Integrated circuits are also found in almost every modern electrical device such as cars, television sets, CD players, cellular phones, etc. But what is an integrated circuit and what is the history behind it?

Source:
http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/physics/integrated_circuit/history/
http://www.daenotes.com/electronics/devices-circuits/integrated-circuits-ic

Transistor

A transistor computer is a computer which uses discrete transistors instead of vacuum tubes. The "first generation" of electronic computers used vacuum tubes, which generated large amounts of heat, were bulky, and were unreliable. A "second generation" of computers, through the late 1950s and 1960s featured boards filled with individual transistors and magnetic memory cores (see History of computing hardware). These machines remained the mainstream design into the late 1960s, when integrated circuits started appearing and led to the "third generation" machines.

source: pbs.org

Vacuum Tube

Alternatively referred to as an electron tube or valve and first developed by John Ambrose Fleming in 1904. The vacuum tube is a glass tube that has its gas removed which creates a vacuum. Vacuum tubes contain electrodes for controlling electron flow in early computers that used them as a switch or an amplifier. The picture shows a collection of different vacuum tubes to give you a better understanding.

source: vacuumtube.net

Today, vacuum tubes are no longer used with computers and have been replaced by the transistor.